Bibliography
- Act 4 Juvenile Justice. "Youth in the Adult System Fact Sheet." August 2014. <https://www.act4jj.org/sites/default/files/ckfinder/files/ACT4JJ%20Yout…;.
- American Bar Association Center on Children and the Law. "NPRM ABA Summary 2023." 2023. <https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/child_law/np…;.
- Anderson, C., Grewal-Kök, Y., Cusick, G., Weiner, D., & Thomas, K. Family and Child Well-Being System: Economic and Concrete Supports as a Core Component. Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago, 2021. <https://www.chapinhall.org/wp-content/uploads/ECS-one-pager.pdf>.
- Annie E. Casey Foundation. "Child Welfare and Foster Care Statistics." 30 May 2023. <https://www.aecf.org/blog/child-welfare-and-foster-care-statistics>.
- —. Children Ages Birth to 17 Entering Foster Care in United States. 2023. <https://datacenter.aecf.org/data/tables/6268-children-ages-birth-to-17-…;.
- —. "Kids Count Overall Rank in United States." 2023. <https://datacenter.aecf.org/data/tables/11617-kids-count-overall-rank?l…;.
- —. "The Changing Child Population of the United States: First Data from the 2020 Census." 2023. <https://assets.aecf.org/m/resourcedoc/aecf-changingchildpop-2023.pdf>.
- Benninghoff, Grace. "Malware on employee’s company computer led to cyber attack on UVM Medical Center." 21 July 2021. VT Digger. <https://vtdigger.org/2021/07/21/malware-on-employees-company-computer-l…;.
- Black-Plumeau, Leslie. "Why Vermont needs 30,000-40,000 more homes." 3 April 2023. VHFA. <https://vhfa.org/news/blog/why-vermont-needs-30000-40000-more-homes>.
- Borden, Sally. "Testimony to House and Senate Appropriations: Joint Public Hearing on Governor's Recommended FY2024 Budget." DCF Data System. February 28, 2023.
- —. "Testimony to Joint Legislative Child Protection Oversight Committee." DCF Data System Report. November 19, 2021.
- Bradybury-Carlin, Russel, Kreig Pinkham and Mark Redmond. "Opinion: Bradbury-Carlin, Pinkham & Redmond: Devastating results in youth survey." 1 April 2023. <https://vtdigger.org/2023/04/01/bradbury-carlin-pinkham-redmond-devasta…;.
- Brouwer, Derek. "A 14-Year-Old’s Murder Arrest Draws Attention to Vermont’s Lack of a Juvenile Facility." 8 November 2023. Seven Days. <https://www.sevendaysvt.com/news/a-14-year-olds-murder-arrest-draws-att…;.
- Building Bright Futures. The State of Vermont's Children: 2022 Year in Review. 2023. <https://buildingbrightfutures.org/wp-content/uploads/State-of-Vermonts-…;.
- Cancel, Sixto. "I Will Never Forget That I Could Have Lived With People Who Loved Me." New York Times. 16 September 2021.
- Casanova, Trissie and Steve Howard. "Testimony to Joint Justice Oversight Legislative Committee." 26 October 2023. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7x0tMiwS4Y>.
- Casey Family Programs. "How are some child protection agencies attending to Qualified Residential Treatment Program requirements? ." 15 February 2022. <https://www.casey.org/implementing-qrtp-requirements/>.
- —. "How is the practice of hidden foster care inconsistent with federal policy and harmful to children and families?" 19 October 2023. <https://www.casey.org/hidden-foster-care/>.
- Center for the Study of Social Policy. "Seizing the Opportunity: Ten Ways to Advance Equity and Promote Well-Being through the Family First Prevention Services Act (FFPSA)." December 2018. <https://cssp.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Seizing-the-Opportunity-FFP…;.
- Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago. "Child and Family Well-being System: Economic & Concrete Supports as a Core Component." March 2023. <https://www.chapinhall.org/wp-content/uploads/Economic-Supports-deck.pd…;.
- Child Trends. "State-level Data for Understanding Child Welfare in the United States: Vermont Profile." 27 April 2023. <https://www.childtrends.org/publications/state-level-data-for-understan…;.
- Child Welfare Information Gateway. "Extension of foster care beyond age 18." 2022. <https://cwig-prod-prod-drupal-s3fs-us-east-1.s3.amazonaws.com/public/do…;.
- —. "Mandatory Reporters of Child Abuse and Neglect." Summary of US State Statutes. 2019. <https://www. childwelfare.gov/topics/systemwide/lawspolicies/statutes/manda/>.
- —. "Separating Poverty from Neglect in Child Welfare." 2023. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children's Bureau. <https://www. childwelfare.gov/pubs/bulletins-povertyneglect>.
- —. "Two-Generation Approaches to Supporting Family Well-Being." March 2023. <https://cwig-prod-prod-drupal-s3fs-us-east-1.s3.amazonaws.com/public/do…;.
- Children's Defense Fund. "The State of America's Children in Vermont: 2023 Fact Sheet." 2023.
- —. "The State of America's Children: 2023." Data Compilation. 2023.
- CHINS Reform Workgroup. "CHINS Reform Workgroup Report." December 1, 2018.
- Cohen, Lana. "Vermont faces a shortage of suitable foster homes." VT Digger. 7 December 2021. <https://vtdigger.org/2021/12/07/vermont-faces-a-shortage-of-suitable-fo…;.
- Cooney, Melissa. "Area shelters see increased demand for homeless youth services." 28 November 2023. WCAX. <https://www.wcax.com/2023/11/28/area-shelter-sees-increased-demand-home…;.
- —. "Vermont in need of more foster parents." WCAX. 30 May 2023. <https://www.wcax.com/2023/05/30/vt-need-more-foster-parents/>.
- Cusick, Gretchen. "Child and Family Well-being System: Economic & Concrete Support as a Core Prevention Component." Presentation. 4 December 2023.
- Department for Children and Families - Family Services Division. "Strategic Plan: 2019-2021." n.d. <https://outside.vermont.gov/dept/DCF/Shared%20Documents/FSD/Publication…;.
- Department for Children and Families. "Child Protection in Vermont: Report for 2022." DCF Data Report. 2023.
- —. DCF Raise the Age, High End System of Care Status Update in Accordance with Act 23, Section 14. 1 September 2023. <https://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Legislative-Reports/Act-23-Statu…;.
- Department for Children and Families Economic Services Division. "Addressing and Preventing Unsheltered Homelessness." 30 October 2023. <https://dcf.vermont.gov/Addressing-and-Preventing-Unsheltered-Homelessn…;.
- —. "General Assistance Housing Report In Accordance with 33 V.S.A. 2115." Legislative Report. 2023.
- Department for Children and Families. "Family First Prevention Services Act (FFPSA): Overview of Federal Legislation." 28 January 2021. Powerpoint Presentation.
- —. "Family First Prevention Services Act (FFPSA): Overview of Federal Legislation." 28 January 2021. <https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2022/WorkGroups/House%20Human…;.
- Department for Children and Families Family Services Division. "Vermont’s 2023 Annual Progress and Services Report." 2023. <https://outside.vermont.gov/dept/DCF/Shared%20Documents/Benefits/APSR20…;.
- —. "Vermont’s 2024 Annual Progress and Services Report." 2023. <https://outside.vermont.gov/dept/DCF/Shared%20Documents/FSD/Reviews/APS…;.
- Department for Children and Families. "Family Services Policy 126: Reinstatement of Parental Rights." 25 May 2022. <https://outside.vermont.gov/dept/DCF/Shared%20Documents/FSD/Policies/Po…;.
- Department for Children and Families Office of Economic Opportunity. "Family Supportive Housing." 2023. <https://outside.vermont.gov/dept/DCF/Shared%20Documents/OEO/FSH/FSH-Awa…;.
- Duffort, Lola. "As pandemic-era motel programs end, tenants struggle to claim their deposits." 7 June 2023. VT Digger. <https://vtdigger.org/2023/06/07/as-pandemic-era-motel-programs-end-tena…;.
- —. "In housing program, motels named their price. What did Vermont’s most vulnerable get in exchange?" 13 March 2023. VT Digger. <https://vtdigger.org/2023/03/13/in-housing-program-motels-named-their-p…;.
- —. "Vermont’s foster care IT system predates the internet — and puts kids at risk." 1 December 2023. VT Digger. <https://vtdigger.org/2023/12/01/vermonts-foster-care-it-system-predates…;.
- ECOS. "2021 ECOS Annual Report: The State of Chittenden County." 2022. <https://create.piktochart.com/output/57951351-2021-ecos-annual-report-f…;.
- Edgar, Chelsea. "Motel Owners Are Withholding Security Deposits Meant to Benefit Homeless Tenants." 22 March 2023. Seven Days. <https://www.sevendaysvt.com/news/motel-owners-are-withholding-security-…;.
- Fitzgerald, Michael. "Biden Administration Proposes Easing Foster Care Licensing Barriers for Relatives ." 17 February 2023. The Imprint. <https://imprintnews.org/top-stories/biden-administration-proposes-easin…;.
- Fostering Court Improvement. "Children in Foster Care During October 2021 through September 2022." 2022. <https://fosteringcourtimprovement.org/vt/County/incare_summary.html>.
- Gholston, Adiah. "UVM Medical Center president speaks to Congress about 2020 cyberattack." 4 October 2023. Vermont Public. <https://www.vermontpublic.org/local-news/2023-10-04/uvm-medical-center-…;.
- Gupta-Kagan, Josh. "America’s Hidden Foster Care System." Stanford Law Review 72 (2020): 841-913. <https://review.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/04/Gupt…;.
- Hall, C.B. "Parents with disabilities facing new challenges." 23 August 2015. VT Digger. <https://vtdigger.org/2015/08/23/parents-with-disabilities-facing-new-ch…;.
- Howard, Steve. "Testimony before the Joint Legislative Justice Oversight Committee, Thursday, October 26, 2023 ." 26 October 2023. <https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2024/WorkGroups/Justice%20Ove…;.
- Joint Legislative Child Protection Oversight Committee. "Recommendations of the Joint Legislative Child Protection Oversight Committee." Legislative Report. December 1, 2021.
- Keck, Nina. "Second Child Death Prompts Call For DCF Review." 14 May 2014. Vermont Public. <https://www.vermontpublic.org/vpr-news/2014-05-14/second-child-death-pr…;.
- Krantz, Laura. "Mother’s boyfriend pleads not guity in death of third child with ties to DCF." 25 July 2014. VT Digger. <vtdigger.org/2014/07/25/mothers-boyfriend-pleads-guity-death-third-child-ties-dcf>.
- Lefrak, Mikaela and Andrea Laurion. "Vermont can't find enough foster parents. What that means for kids in state care." Vermont Public Radio. 2 June 2023. <https://www.vermontpublic.org/show/vermont-edition/2023-06-02/vermont-c…;.
- Lehrer-Small, Asher. "As homelessness crisis deepens, rural children pay the price." 3 February 2023. The Guardian. <https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/feb/03/vermont-homeless-rural-…;.
- Loan, Shawn. "Vermont Juvenile Offender & Victim Statistics (Testimony to Joint Justice Committee)." 26 October 2023. <https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2024/WorkGroups/Justice%20Ove…;.
- Markoff, Shira, et al. "A Brighter Future with Baby Bonds: How States and Cities Should Invest in Our Kids." January 2022. <https://prosperitynow.org/sites/default/files/resources/A-Brighter-Futu…;.
- McNamara, Sylvie. "What’s Behind the Surge in Youth-Involved Carjacking?" 12 May 2022. Washingtonian. <https://www.washingtonian.com/2022/05/12/whats-behind-the-surge-in-yout…;.
- Morris, Elizabeth. "Findings Related to Racial Disparities in Vermont’s Youth Justice Response – 2021 ." September 2022. <https://outside.vermont.gov/dept/DCF/Shared%20Documents/Contacts/CFCPP-…;.
- National Alliance to End Homelessness. "Housing First." 20 March 2022. <https://endhomelessness.org/resource/housing-first/>.
- National Association of Counsel for Children. "Leveraging Title IV-E to Advance High-Quality Legal Representation & Training." 2023. <https://documents.ncsl.org/wwwncsl/Summit/2023/Session-Resources/Levera…;.
- —. "Recommendations for Legal Representation of Children and Youth in Neglect and Abuse Proceedings." 2022.
- National Center for State Courts. "Study of CHINS Case Processing in Vermont." May 2021. <https://www.vermontjudiciary.org/sites/default/files/documents/CHINS%20…;.
- National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges. "Enhanced Resource Guidelines: Improving Court Practice in Child Abuse and Neglect Cases." 2016. <https://www.ncjfcj.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/NCJFCJ-Enhanced-Resou…;.
- Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP). "Findings related to racial disparities in Vermont youth justice response, 2018 March, 2019." n.d. <https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh176/files/media/document/vt-f…;.
- —. "Intersection of Juvenile Justice and Child Welfare Systems: A product of the Model Programs Guide." May 2021. <https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/model-programs-guide/literature-reviews/Intersect…;.
- Office of the California Surgeon General. "Roadmap for Resilience: The California Surgeon General’s Report on Adverse Childhood Experiences, Toxic Stress, and Health." 2020. <https://osg.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/266/2020/12/Roadmap-For-Res…;.
- Pathways Vermont. "Housing First." 2023. <https://www.pathwaysvermont.org/what-we-do/our-programs/housing-first/&…;.
- Public Consulting Group. "Vermont Agency of Human Services: Analysis of Children’s Residential System of Care." Report Comimissioned by the State of Vermont. 2020.
- Pulcini, Christian D. "Testimony to Vermont House Committee on Health Care regarding emergency services for individuals with mental health care concerns." 19 December 2021.
- Raz, Mical. "https://ldi.upenn.edu/our-work/research-updates/preventing-child-abuse-…." 10 April 2017. University of Pennsylvania Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics. <https://ldi.upenn.edu/our-work/research-updates/preventing-child-abuse-…;.
- Sexton, Joe. "The Loss of Grace." 25 October 2023. Seven Days. <https://www.sevendaysvt.com/news/woodside-investigation-violence-and-is…;.
- Spectrum Youth & Family Services. "Spectrum Pilots Direct Cash Transfer Program to Support Youth Facing Homelessness." 9 August 2023. <https://www.spectrumvt.org/2023/dct/>.
- State of Vermont Agency of Human Services Division of Rate Setting. "Methods, Standards And Principles For Establishing Payment Rates For Private Nonmedical Institutions: Providing Residential Child Care Services." July 2023. <https://dvha.vermont.gov/sites/dvha/files/doc_library/V.P.N.M.I.R.%20%2…;.
- State of Vermont Supreme Court. "Vermont Judiciary: Annual Statistical Report FY21." 2022. <https://www.vermontjudiciary.org/sites/default/files/documents/FY2021%2…;.
- The Imprint Staff Reports. "Vermont Governor Vetoes Bill to Withhold Older Youth Offenders’ Names." 3 June 2021. The Imprint. <https://imprintnews.org/news-briefs/vermont-governor-vetoes-bill-to-wit…;.
- Trivedi, Shanta. "The Harm of Child Removal." New York University Review of Law & Social Change 43 (2019): 523-580. <https://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2087&con…;.
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. "Utilizing Title IV-E Funding to Support High Quality Legal Representation for Children and Youth who are in Foster Care, Candidates for Foster Care and their Parents and to Promote Child and Family Well-being." 14 January 2021. <https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cb/im2106.pdf>.
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children and Families . "Birth and Foster Parent Partnership: Building Birth and Foster Parent Relationships to Promote Reunification." n.d. <https://cblcc.acf.hhs.gov/wp-content/uploads/birth-foster-presentation-…;.
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. "CCWIS Status." 27 July 2023. <https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/training-technical-assistance/ccwis-status>.
- —. "Child Maltreatment 2021." 2023.
- —. "Child Welfare Policy Manual." n.d. <https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cwpm/public_html/programs/cb/laws_policies/laws…;.
- —. "Children's Bureau Child Welfare Outcomes State Data Review: Vermont." 2023. <https://cwoutcomes.acf.hhs.gov/cwodatasite/pdf/vermont.html#fn8>.
- —. "National Youth in Transition Database: Vermont NYTD Review Final Report." 30 July 2021. <https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cb/VT_NYTD_Final_…;.
- —. "Safe and Appropriate Foster Care Placement Requirements for Titles IV– E and IV–B, 88 Fed. Reg. 187." 28 September 2023. <https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2023-09-28/pdf/2023-21274.pdf>.
- —. "Separate Licensing Standards for Relative or Kinship Foster Family Homes, 88 Fed. Reg. 9411 (to be codified at 45 C.F.R. pts. 1355 and 1366)." 14 February 2023. <https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/02/14/2023-03005/separat…;.
- —. "Strategies to Strengthen Families: The Children's Bureau's Vision for Changing National Child Welfare Practice." 12 July 2018. <https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cb/cb_vision_info…;.
- —. "The Comprehensive Child Welfare Information System: Final Rule Frequently Asked Questions." n.d. acf.hhs.gov. <https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cb/ccwis_faqs.pdf…;.
- U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. "The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress, Part 1." December 2022. <https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-ahar-part-1…;.
- United States 115th Congress. "Family First Prevention Services Act, Public Law 115-123, §§ 50701-50782, 132 Stat. 232, 232-268." 9 February 2018. <https://www.congress.gov/115/plaws/publ123/PLAW-115publ123.htm>.
- United States Census. "Housing Vacancies and Homeownership: 2022." 15 March 2023. <https://www.census.gov/housing/hvs/data/prevann.html>.
- University of Vermont Department of Education and Social Services. "Drivers of Custody Rates in Vermont." Report Commissioned by the Vermont Legislature. 2021.
- Vastine, Karen. "2022 Annual Report Children and Family Council for Prevention Programs Vermont State Advisory Group on Delinquency Prevention ." February 2023. <https://legislature.vt.gov/Documents/2024/WorkGroups/House%20Judiciary/…;.
- —. "CHINS Reform Workgroup Report." 1 December 2018. <https://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Legislative-Reports/CHINS-Reform…;.
- Vermont Agency of Human Services Residential Turn the Curve Advisory Committee. "Turn the Curve Regional and State Residential Data." Turn the Curve. 2023.
- Vermont Association of Hospitals and Health Systems. "People Waiting for Mental Health Placement: Monthly Summary June 2021 - September 2023." 2023.
- Vermont Child Fatality Review Team. "2022 Report of the Child Fatality Review Team ." 15 December 2022. <https://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Legislative-Reports/CFRT-2022-An…;.
- Vermont Child Welfare Training Partnership. "Child Welfare with Justice as the Throughline, Part 2." 9 June 2023. The Social Work Lens Podcast. <https://vermontcwtp.org/child-welfare-with-justice-as-the-throughline-p…;.
- —. "Child Welfare with Justice as the Throughline, Part 3: Nurturing Freedom Dreams." 23 June 2023. Social Work Lens Podcast. <https://vermontcwtp.org/child-welfare-with-justice-as-the-throughline-p…;.
- Vermont Citizens Advisory Board. "Letter to AHS Secretary Mike Smith." 29 September 2021. <https://outside.vermont.gov/dept/DCF/Shared%20Documents/Contacts/VCAB20…;.
- Vermont DCF Family Services Division. "Child Protection in Vermont: Report for 2022." DCF Family Services Division. June 2023.
- Vermont Department of Finance & Management - Budget & Management Division. "FY 2024 State of Vermont Executive Budget Recommendation." 2023. <https://finance.vermont.gov/sites/finance/files/documents/FY2024%20Exec…;.
- Vermont Department of Health. "2021 High School Executive Summary: Vermont Youth Risk Behavior Survey: ." 2023. <https://www.healthvermont.gov/sites/default/files/document/hsi-yrbs-202…;.
- Vermont General Assembly. "No. 11. (Special Session) An act relating to making appropriations for the support of government, financing education and vital records, Section C.106 CHINS CASES SYSTEM-WIDE REFORM." 2018. <https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2018.1/Docs/ACTS/ACT011/ACT01…;.
- —. "No. 60. An act relating to improving Vermont’s system for protecting children from abuse and neglect." 15 June 2015. <https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2016/Docs/ACTS/ACT060/ACT060%…;.
- —. "No. 81. An act relating to adult protective services and emergency housing transition. ." 29 June 2023. <https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2024/Docs/ACTS/ACT081/ACT081%…;.
- —. "S.6: An act relating to law enforecement interrogation policies." 12 May 2023. <https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2024/Docs/BILLS/S-0006/S-0006…;.
- Vermont Legislative Joint Fiscal Office. "5-Year Growth and Appropriations: FY2019 - FY2024." n.d. <https://ljfo.vermont.gov/custom_reports/5yr/2024_Conf_BigBill%20-%20202…;.
- —. "FY2023 Governor's Recommended Budget: Detail Report." 19 January 2022. <https://ljfo.vermont.gov/assets/Uploads/6cc73bfb9a/Gov-Rec-Budget-Detai…;.
- Vermont Parent Representation Center. "Bending the Curve to Improve Our Child Protection System." 9 November 2018. <https://www.vtprc.org/bending_the_curve>.
- —. "Broken System, Broken Promises." 12 October 2022. <https://www.vtprc.org/broken_systems_broken_promises>.
- Vermont State Interagency Team (SIT). "Vermont System of Care Report 2021: Covid-19 Edition." Residential Care. 2021.
- Weinstein, Ethan. "2 recent drug busts have teens — and teen trafficking — at the center of the trade." 1 December 2023. VT Digger. <https://vtdigger.org/2023/12/01/2-recent-drug-busts-have-teens-and-teen…;.
- ZipRecruiter. "Dcf Social Worker Salary in Vermont." November 2023. <https://www.ziprecruiter.com/Salaries/DCF-Social-Worker-Salary--in-Verm…;.